Operations with Matrices


In the previous posts, we used matrices to solve linear equations. Matrices, however, can be used to do much more than that. There is a rich mathematical theory of matrices, and it's applications are numerous.

Equality of Matrices

For two matrices to be equal, they must be of the same size and have all the same entries in the same places. For instance, suppose you have the following two matrices:

These matrices cannot be the same, since they are not the same size. Even if A and B are the following two matrices:

...they are still not the same. Yes, A and B each have six entries, and the entries are even the same numbers, but that is not enough for matrices. A is a 3 × 2 matrix and B is a 2 × 3matrix, and, for matrices, 3 × 2 does not equal2 × 3! It doesn't matter if A and B have the same number of entries or even the same numbers as entries. Unless A and B are the same size and the same shape and have the same values in exactly the same places, they are not equal.
This property of matrix equality can be turned into homework questions. You will be given two matrices, and you will be told that they are equal. You will need to use this equality to solve for the values of variables.

• Given that the following matrices are equal, find the values of x and y.
For A and B to be equal, they must have the same size and shape (which they do; they're each2 × 2 matrices) and they must have the same values in the same spots. Then a_1,1 must equalb_1,1, a_1,2 must equal b_1,2, and so forth. The entries a_1,2 and a_2,1 are clearly equal, respectively, to entries b_1,2 and b_2,1 "by inspection" (that is, "just by looking at them"). But a_1,1 = 1 is not obviously equal to b_1,1 = x. For A to equal B, I must have a_1,1 = b_1,1, so it must be that 1 = x. Similarly, I must have a_2,2 = b_2,2, so then 4 must equal y. Then the solution is:


x = 1,    y = 4   Co








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